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Basava was a 12th century Indian philosopher, statesman, Kannada poet in the Shiva-focussed Bhakti movement and a social reformer during the reign of the Kalachuri-dynasty king Bijjala I in Karnataka, India.〔(Basava ) Encyclopedia Britannica (2012)〕 The ''Basavarajadevara ragale'' (13 out of 25 sections are available) by the Kannada poet Harihara (c.1180) is the earliest available account on the life of the social reformer and is considered important because the author was a near contemporary of his protagonist.〔Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 179〕 A full account of Basava's life and ideas are narrated in a 13th century sacred Telugu text of the south Indian Hindu Lingayat community, the ''Basava purana'' by Palkuriki Somanatha.〔Velchuri Rao and Gene Roghair (2014), Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691604879, pp. 1–14〕 Basava spread social awareness through his poetry, popularly known as ''Vachanaas''. Basava rejected gender or social discrimination, superstitions and rituals such as the wearing of sacred thread,〔 but introduced ''Ishtalinga'' necklace, with an image of the Shiva Liṅga, to every person regardless of his or her birth, to be a constant reminder of one's bhakti (devotion) to Shiva. As the chief minister of his kingdom, he introduced new public institutions such as the ''Anubhava Mantapa'' (or, the "hall of spiritual experience"),〔 which welcomed men and women from all socio-economic backgrounds to discuss spiritual and mundane questions of life, in open.〔 The traditional legends and hagiographic texts state Basava to be the founder of the Lingayats. However, modern scholarship relying on historical evidence such as the Kalachuri inscriptions state that Basava was the poet philosopher who revived, refined and energized an already existing tradition.〔〔〔 Basava literary works include the Vachana Sahitya in Kannada Language. He is also known as Bhaktibhandari (literally, the treasurer of devotion),〔 Basavanna (elder brother Basava) or Basaveshwara (Lord Basava).〔 ==Early life== Basava was born about 1105 CE〔 in the town of Bagavadi in north Karnataka, to Madiraja and Madalambike, an upper caste Brahmin family devoted to Hindu deity Shiva.〔〔Edward Rice (1982), A History of Kannada Literature, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 978-8120600638, pages 52–53〕〔Jan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812383, pages 2–3〕 He was named Basava, a Kannada form of the Sanskrit ''Vrishabha'' in honor of Nandi bull (carrier of Shiva) and the local Shaivism tradition.〔 Basava grew up in Kudalasangama (northeast Karnataka), near the banks of rivers Krishna and its tributary Malaprabha.〔〔 Basava spent twelve years studying in a Hindu temple in the town of Kudalasangama,〔 at Sangameshwara then a Shaivite school of learning, probably of the ''Lakulisha-Pashupata'' tradition.〔 Játavéda Muni, also known as Eeshánya Guru, was his guru. Basava married a cousin from his mother side. His wife ''Gangambike'',〔 was the daughter of the prime minister of ''Bijjala'', the Kalachuri king.〔〔 He began working as an accountant to the court of the king.〔 When his maternal uncle died, the king invited him to be the chief minister. The king also married Basava's sister named ''Padmavati''.〔 As chief minister of the kingdom, Basava used the state treasury to initiate social reforms and religious movement focussed on reviving Shaivism, recognizing and empowering ascetics who were called ''Jangamas''.〔 One of the innovative institutions he launched in 12th century, was the ''Anubhava Mantapa'', a public assembly and gathering, which attracted men and women across various walks of life, from distant lands to openly discuss spiritual, economic and social issues of life.〔SK Das (2005), A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 978-8126021710, page 163〕 He composed poetry in local language, and spread his message to the masses. His teachings and verses such as ''Káyakavé Kailása'' (Work is the path to ''Kailash'' (bliss, heaven), or Work is Worship) became popular.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Basava」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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